Pulsed ESR/EPR

Pulse techniques improve EPR resolution by using a sequence of short microwave pulses to select spin species to be detected, to separate spin interactions, and to obtain information at time domain. A variety of pulsed EPR have been developed with applications in physics, chemistry and biology. For instance, electron spin interaction and spin-spin distance can be revealed by PELDOR (Pulsed Electron-Electron Double Resonance), also known as DEER (Double Electron Electron Resonance). ESEEM (Electron spin echo envelope modulation) and ENDOR (pulsed electron nuclear double resonance) are used to determine the interactions of the electron spin with its surrounding nuclear spins. The EMR facility at the MagLab offers several pulsed EPR spectrometers at frequencies from 9 to 336 GHz.